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So when many animals fall sick and die, it\u2019s a tragedy with far-reaching impacts on families, communities, and even nations.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESheep and goat plague, or peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is a highly contagious viral animal disease that was first described in C\u00f4te d\u0027Ivoire in West Africa in 1942, and has since been spreading through Africa, the Middle East, Asia and most recently Europe.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen the virus reaches a new region, it can infect up to 90 percent of a herd. Small ruminants like goats and sheep come down with a fever, cough, diarrhoea, weeping eyes and runny noses\u2014and as many as 70 percent of them die, a life-changing catastrophe for their owners. The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works on many livestock diseases, but sheep and goat plague is a priority.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe disease threatens the livelihoods and food security of 300 million families worldwide, causes annual economic losses of \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ppr\/background\/what-is-ppr\/en\/\u0022\u003Eup to US$2.1 billion\u003C\/a\u003E, and often affects women in rural developing economies, many of whom keep small ruminants while their husbands herd cattle.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOutbreaks can destabilise regional security, and reverse decades of development gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u201cIf people lose all their livestock, they become destitute. It\u2019s like having your house burned down every couple of years,\u201d adds ILRI principal scientist \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ilri.org\/people\/theo-knight-jones\u0022\u003ETheo Knight-Jones\u003C\/a\u003E.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn effective vaccine exists, but must be kept cool. In many African countries, electricity is unreliable, and pastoralists follow their herds through landscapes that are remote, sparsely populated, and extremely hot. To reach them, vaccines are packed into ice boxes and transported over dirt roads by motorbike or bicycle.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u201cIn some parts of Mali we can have temperatures up to 50 degrees Celsius,\u201d says ILRI senior scientist \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ilri.org\/people\/michel-mainack-dione\u0022\u003EMichel Dione\u003C\/a\u003E, who leads the organisation\u2019s PPR research in West Africa. \u201cThe ice packs do not always survive the journey\u2014and the veterinarians administering the vaccines do not always know if the vaccines they are administering are still effective or not.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Caside class=\u0022col-md-3 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n                   \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--contacts paragraph--view-mode--default\u0022\u003E\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--author\u0022\u003E\n      \n  \u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/picture\/public\/2025-05\/Michel-Dione.jpg.webp?itok=nKtsm58L\u0022 width=\u0022200\u0022 height=\u0022200\u0022 alt=\u0022Michel Dione\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-picture\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ch4\u003E\n  Michel Dione\n\n      \u003Csmall\u003E  Senior Scientist, Animal Health\n\u003C\/small\u003E\n      \u003C\/h4\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--author\u0022\u003E\n      \n  \u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/picture\/public\/2025-05\/Musa%20Mulongo.jpg.webp?itok=y1ZRIO6v\u0022 width=\u0022200\u0022 height=\u0022200\u0022 alt=\u0022Musa Mulongo\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-picture\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ch4\u003E\n  Musa Mulongo\n\n      \u003Csmall\u003E  Senior Scientist, Animal Health\n\u003C\/small\u003E\n      \u003C\/h4\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--author\u0022\u003E\n      \n  \u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/picture\/public\/2025-05\/Theo%20picture%20market%20cut.jpg.webp?itok=4Puq7Uxt\u0022 width=\u0022200\u0022 height=\u0022200\u0022 alt=\u0022Theo Knight-Jones\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-picture\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ch4\u003E\n  Theo Knight-Jones\n\n      \u003Csmall\u003E  Principal Scientist, Team Leader Herd Health\n\u003C\/small\u003E\n      \u003C\/h4\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n          \u003C\/aside\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/section\u003E\n\n\u003Csection class=\u0022container single-column-sidebar paragraph\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022row\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022col-md-7 offset-md-1 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022text-container\u0022\u003E\n        \n  \u003Ch3\u003EBEATING THE HEAT\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBetween 1994 and 2011, countries \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/06\/global-rinderpest-action-plan-2018.pdf\u0022\u003Eworked together\u003C\/a\u003E to eradicate a devastating cattle disease, rinderpest, which is closely related to PPR. In 2015, attention shifted to PPR, with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) coordinating a \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.fao.org\/animal-health\/our-programmes\/peste-des-petits-ruminants-global-eradication-programme-(ppr-gep)\/en\u0022\u003Eglobal control and eradication strategy\u003C\/a\u003E that aims to rid the world of the disease by 2030.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith rinderpest, the development of a thermotolerant vaccine \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/06\/global-rinderpest-action-plan-2018.pdf\u0022\u003Ehelped to tip the balance\u003C\/a\u003E towards eradication, says Knight-Jones\u2014more animals could be vaccinated, and the virus could no longer find enough susceptible hosts.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cfigure class=\u0022align-left\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/inline\/public\/2025-03\/PPR%20Vaccination.jpeg.webp?itok=xS_2-Vba\u0022 width=\u00221024\u0022 height=\u0022768\u0022 alt=\u0022Vaccinating a goat against PPR in West Africa\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-inline\u0022\u003E\n\n\n\n\n    \u003Cfigcaption\u003E\n        Vaccination drive against PPR in West Africa.\n\n          \u003Cspan\u003ECredits:   Wikimedia commons\/ACEI Cheung\n\u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBuilding on that success, ILRI has worked with vaccine production company Hester Biosciences Ltd of India and Mali\u2019s Central Veterinary Laboratory to create a thermotolerant vaccine for PPR, using the same freeze-drying technique developed for the rinderpest vaccine.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is stable for up to nine days at 38.5 degrees Celsius, or for a week at 40 degrees. \u201cThis is a huge advantage in the Sahel,\u201d says Dione. Field trials in Mali in 2022 showed 99% percent of sheep and goats that received the new vaccine were protected from PPR.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EILRI is now working with the Gates Foundation to develop a scaling strategy for Mali and the region, while the African Development Bank has provided funding to \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.ilri.org\/news\/new-vaccine-protect-malis-sheep-and-goats-against-peste-des-petits-ruminants\u0022\u003Escale up production and delivery\u003C\/a\u003E of the new vaccine in Mali. The first step is a vaccination drive aiming to deliver 1 million doses\u2014enough to protect the herds of around 35,000 families in central Mali.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EILRI scientists are also designing studies to quantify the added value of the vaccine\u2019s thermotolerance\u2014though it\u2019s widely expected to reduce transport costs and improve vaccination effectiveness, Dione says.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Caside class=\u0022col-md-3 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n                 \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--testimonial\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\n  \u003Cp\u003EPPR is the most important small ruminant disease in Africa. It is widespread, and it is a killer.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-right\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph--type--author\u0022\u003E\n    \n  \u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/picture\/public\/2025-05\/Musa%20Mulongo.jpg.webp?itok=y1ZRIO6v\u0022 width=\u0022200\u0022 height=\u0022200\u0022 alt=\u0022Musa Mulongo\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-picture\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ch4\u003E\n  Musa Mulungo\n\n        \u003Csmall\u003E\u003C\/small\u003E\n      \u003C\/h4\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n          \u003C\/aside\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/section\u003E\n\n\u003Csection class=\u0022container single-column-sidebar paragraph\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022row\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022col-md-7 offset-md-1 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022text-container\u0022\u003E\n        \n  \u003Cp\u003EBut beating this disease requires more than technical tools. \u201cOn paper, the solution sounds quite simple, but getting it done is extremely challenging,\u201d says Knight-Jones.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003ETACKLING DISEASE ECOSYSTEMS\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo control PPR, countries need to know where outbreaks are happening, and be able to quickly mobilise vaccination campaigns with enough vaccine supply to reach a critical mass of animals in high risk areas. To keep ahead of the disease they need to deliver vaccination regularly and react quickly, since PPR is a fast-spreading disease and sheep and goats have a high population turnover, with numerous newborn animals needing to be vaccinated before the infection finds them.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/inline\/public\/2025-03\/Farmer%20with%20twin%20lambs%20Doyogena%20ET.jpg.webp?itok=Uibc2hTP\u0022 width=\u00221600\u0022 height=\u00221067\u0022 alt=\u0022Farmer with twin lambs in Doyogena, Ethiopia\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-inline\u0022\u003E\n\n\n\n\n    \u003Cfigcaption\u003E\n        Farmer with twin lambs in Doyogena, Ethiopia \n\n          \u003Cspan\u003ECredits:   ILRI\/Zerihun Sewunet\n\u003C\/span\u003E\n      \u003C\/figcaption\u003E\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGovernments and NGOs also need to \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1405073\u0022\u003Emake farmers aware of the value of vaccination\u003C\/a\u003E\u2014and \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/gender.cgiar.org\/publications\/integrated-approach-facilitate-stakeholder-participation-control-endemic-diseases\u0022\u003Einvolve local people, especially leaders, in the vaccination process\u003C\/a\u003E. And they need to collaborate closely with their neighbours.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u201cVaccination programs are run by countries, but \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/rr-europe.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2024\/07\/2_Episystem-approach-Baku.pdf\u0022\u003Ediseases occur within ecosystems\u003C\/a\u003E,\u201d says Mulongo.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Caside class=\u0022col-md-3 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n                 \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--testimonial\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\n  \u003Cp\u003ETo actually deliver a vaccination programme effectively across a huge country with poor infrastructure is incredibly difficult, and takes huge resources.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-right\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph--type--author\u0022\u003E\n    \n  \u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/picture\/public\/2025-05\/Theo%20picture%20market%20cut.jpg.webp?itok=4Puq7Uxt\u0022 width=\u0022200\u0022 height=\u0022200\u0022 alt=\u0022Theo Knight-Jones\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-picture\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ch4\u003E\n  Theo Knight-Jones\n\n        \u003Csmall\u003E\u003C\/small\u003E\n      \u003C\/h4\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n          \u003C\/aside\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/section\u003E\n\n\u003Csection class=\u0022container single-column-sidebar paragraph\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022row\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022col-md-7 offset-md-1 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022text-container\u0022\u003E\n        \n  \u003Cp\u003EIn West Africa, pastoralists roam with their herds across the region\u2019s porous borders\u2014places where conflict and unrest can also make it difficult to deliver vaccines. Unvaccinated herds in a neighbouring country can provide a reservoir for the virus, allowing for constant reinfection.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is where ILRI comes in, says Knight-Jones\u2014as a global institution based in Africa with a mandate to support smallholder famers. \u201cI think we\u0027ve built good relations with our government partners. They trust us and look to us for expert support. If you need someone to link up across many countries, and provide technical and research support in international projects, there\u0027s probably no one else who can do it the way that ILRI can.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EILRI scientists are working on \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10568\/116575\u0022\u003Ea wide range of studies and materials to support countries across West Africa\u003C\/a\u003E\u2014where PPR is endemic\u2014to control and ideally eradicate the disease. They have also co-developed a vaccination strategy\u2014a process for countries to work through\u2014that has already \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/gender.cgiar.org\/publications\/integrated-approach-facilitate-stakeholder-participation-control-endemic-diseases\u0022\u003Eincreased vaccination coverage in Mali\u003C\/a\u003E.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther researchers are developing a DIVA test for PPR, which will distinguish between vaccinated and previously infected animals. When it\u2019s ready, ILRI scientists will trial it in the field\u2014helping governments to better track the success of vaccination programs.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDione\u2019s team also \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10568\/114934\u0022\u003Ecreated a training manual for vaccinators\u003C\/a\u003E, which is being used by French-speaking countries in West Africa. ILRI researchers are also working with other partners to sequence the genome of the PPR virus, enabling scientists to monitor its evolution, virulence and spread.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Caside class=\u0022col-md-3 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n                 \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--testimonial\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\n  \u003Cp\u003EYou\u0027ve got to take an ecosystem or transboundary approach to disease control.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-right\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph--type--author\u0022\u003E\n    \n  \u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/picture\/public\/2025-05\/Musa%20Mulongo.jpg.webp?itok=y1ZRIO6v\u0022 width=\u0022200\u0022 height=\u0022200\u0022 alt=\u0022Musa Mulongo\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-picture\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ch4\u003E\n  Musa Mulungo\n\n        \u003Csmall\u003E\u003C\/small\u003E\n      \u003C\/h4\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n          \u003C\/aside\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/section\u003E\n\n\u003Csection class=\u0022container single-column-sidebar paragraph\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022row\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022col-md-7 offset-md-1 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n            \u003Cdiv class=\u0022text-container\u0022\u003E\n        \n  \u003Ch3\u003ECHANGING LIVES\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEradicating sheep and goat plague will improve the lives and livelihoods of some of the world\u2019s poorest people. It will save developing countries millions of dollars a year in lost income, and reduce the need for international food aid.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEradication will also prevent the disease spreading to new countries, such as in Southern Africa and Europe. PPR was \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/first-detection-of-peste-des-petits-ruminants-ppr-in-greece-and-romania\/\u0022\u003Erecently detected in Romania and Greece\u003C\/a\u003E, leading to movement controls and the culling of thousands of animals. \u201cA failure to control it in Africa and other countries has contributed to it spreading into Europe,\u201d says Knight-Jones.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECrucially, solving the PPR problem requires well-functioning connections between governments and remote pastoralist communities\u2014pathways along which information, knowledge, and technical support can flow, in both directions.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce established, such a network would also help governments, NGOs and the private sector to deliver other services that will improve the lives of smallholders and their animals\u2014things like de-worming medication, feeds, or micro-insurance\u2014providing livestock keepers with access to the services they need to lift themselves out of poverty.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EStory written by Kate Evans, science writer\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\n\n      \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Caside class=\u0022col-md-3 col-sm-12\u0022\u003E\n                 \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph paragraph--type--testimonial\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cblockquote\u003E\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-left\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\n  \u003Cp\u003EUnlocking this, providing people with just a simple tool of control, can change lives\u2014really.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Ci class=\u0022fa-solid fa-quote-right\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022paragraph--type--author\u0022\u003E\n    \n  \u003Cfigure\u003E\n      \u003Cimg loading=\u0022lazy\u0022 src=\u0022\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/picture\/public\/2025-05\/Michel-Dione.jpg.webp?itok=nKtsm58L\u0022 width=\u0022200\u0022 height=\u0022200\u0022 alt=\u0022Michel Dione\u0022 class=\u0022image-style-picture\u0022 \/\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\/figure\u003E\n\n\n    \u003Cdiv class=\u0022wrapper\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Ch4\u003E\n  Michel Dione\n\n        \u003Csmall\u003E\u003C\/small\u003E\n      \u003C\/h4\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\n          \u003C\/aside\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/section\u003E\n\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/article\u003E\n","settings":null}]